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PART THIRTEEN – RELATED SKILLS

13A MAKE PEGS

DESCRIPTION 1

Demonstrate the safe and effective making of riven pegs with hand tools. 2

LEARNING TASKS 3

CONTENT 4

1. Hand tool safety 5

• PPE 6

• Tool Guards & Sheaths 7

• Good Practice 8

2. Make pegs 9

• Types of Pegs (Turned, Taper-drawn, Dowels, Faceted, Square & Sawn) 10

• Overview of Peg Properties (Strength, Durability, Holding Power, Etc) 11

• Overview of Historic Peg Making (Wood Species, Type, Size, Etc) 12

• Mr Northcott & Other Machine Processes 13

• Wood Species & Selection 14

• Gauges, Jigs & Dies 15

• Tolerances 16

• Drying & Storage 17

• Peg Finishes (Wax & Oil) 18

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Practical: 19

i) Given the following tools and materials: 20

· Felling Axe 21

· Froe and Mallet 22

· Shaving Horse 23

· Sharp Drawknife 24

· Tape Measure & Carpenter’s Pencil 25

· 12” Green Hardwood Billets or Rounds 26

Learners will demonstrate their ability to layout and cut a variety of different types of pegs from green hardwood, using only hand tools. Learners will safely and correctly make at least 20 pegs of ¾” or 1” diameter, to within a 1/16^th tolerance of predetermined proportions. 27

PART THIRTEEN – RELATED SKILLS

13B MAKE HANDLES

DESCRIPTION 28

Demonstrate the safe and effective making of handles for common woodworking tools. 29

LEARNING TASKS 30

CONTENT 31

1. Hand tool safety 32

• PPE 33

• Tool Guards & Sheaths 34

• Good Practice 35

2. Make handles 36

• Jigs, Patterns & Templates 37

• Wood Species & Selection 38

• Finishes 39

• Fitting Handles (Tools & Hands) 40

• Securing Handles (Wedges, Pins & Bindings) 41

• Cranked Handles (Steam-boxes & Forms) 42

• Turned Handles & Knobs 43

• Hammers & Axes 44

• Adzes, Mallets & Froes 45

• Cant Hooks, Peaveys & Timber Carriers 46

• Chisels & Slicks (Tang & Socket) 47

• Miscellaneous Tools (Knives, Awls, Saws, Planes, Etc) 48

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Practical: 49

i) Given the following tools and materials: 50

· Axe 51

· Froe and Mallet 52

· Shaving Horse 53

· Sharp Drawknife 54

· Sharp Spoke Shave 55

· Rasp 56

· Small Sharp Hand Knife 57

· Handsaw 58

· Tape Measure & Carpenter’s Pencil 59

· Template Material 60

· Handle Stock (appropriate to task) 61

Learners will demonstrate their ability to layout, cut and fit a variety of different types of handles from hardwood blanks or rough stock, using only hand tools. Learners will make and fit handles to the following tools as a minimum: 62

a) Hammer (any type) 63

b) Socketed Framing Chisel 64

c) Axe (any type) 65

PART THIRTEEN – RELATED SKILLS

13C FALLING & BUCKING

DESCRIPTION 66

Identify and describe the hazards that are commonly associated with falling trees and bucking logs. 67

Correctly identify tension and compression wood in trees and logs. 68

Identify and describe the principles of best practise, for the safe and effective falling of trees and bucking of logs under a variety of common woodland conditions. 69

Demonstrate the safe and effective felling of small diameter trees and bucking of logs. 70

LEARNING TASKS 71		CONTENT 72
1. Identify hazards 73		• OSHA Statistics 74 • Service Manuals 75 • Kick-back 76 • ‘White –finger’ (Vibration-related Injury) 77 • Back Injury 78 • Cuts & Burns 79 • Fire 80 • Damaged / Unsafe Chainsaw 81 • Working Alone 82 • ‘Leaners’ 83 • Air-Bound Trees 84 • Danger Trees & Snags 85 • Windfall 86 • Root Wads 87 • Overhead Power Lines 88 • Wind & Foul Weather 89 • Poor Undercutting (Dutchman) 90 • Impact from Tensioned Wood (Barber Chairs, Trapped Saplings, Root Stock, Etc) 91 • Impact from Falling Debris (Widow-Makers, Bark, Broken Tops, Snow, Etc) 92 • Impact from Rolling / Sweeping Logs 93 • Unsafe Practices (Sloping Cuts, Domino Falling, Pushing Danger Trees, Bypassed Danger Trees, Cut-Up Trees & ‘Hangers’, Etc) 94 • Other People / Workers in Work Area 95
2. Identify and describe PPE and safety equipment. 96		• OSHA Regulations 97 • Service Manuals 98 • Signage 99 • The 2 Tree-Length Rule 100 • Protocols for Danger Trees 101 • Knowing Your Limits 102 • Head Gear & Visor 103 • High-Vis Vest / Jacket 104 • Chainsaw Pants / Chaps 105 • Safety Boots / Caulk Boots 106 • Chainsaw Gloves & Mitts 107 • Safety Whistle 108 • Fire Extinguishers for Fallers 109 • First Aid Kit (Compress) 110 • Felling Axe & Wedge 111 • Maintenance Tools & Consumables 112
4. Felling 113		• OSHA Regulations 114 • WCB Fallers & Buckers Manual 115 • PPE & Safety Equipment 116 • Inspection of Chainsaw 117 • Choosing the Right Saw 118 • Special Tools (Fiskar / Felling Bar, Wedge Pouch, Felling Jacks & Jacking Plates, Etc) 119 • Inspection of Tree (Species, Rot, Debris, Snow, Etc) 120 • Identify Tension & Compression Wood 121 • Releasing Tensioned Wood (Side Cutting) 122 • ‘Plumbing’ the Tree 123 • Planning (Falling Direction, Problems, Etc) 124 • Brushing Escape Routes 125 • Felling on Slopes (Making Platforms) 126 • Falling Against the Lean 127 • Falling Big Trees (Base Prep & Plunge Cutting Techniques) 128 • Safe Starting Procedures 129 • Body Mechanics 130 • Undercut (Humbolt) 131 • Backing Cut 132 • Snipe 133 • Setting Wedges 134 • When the Tree Starts to Fall 135 • Slashing / Limbing 136
5. Bucking 137		• OSHA Regulations 138 • WCB Fallers & Buckers Manual 139 • PPE & Safety Equipment 140 • Choosing the Right Saw 141 • Inspection of Chainsaw 142 • Special Tools (Bucking Wedges, Logger’s Tape, Spray Paint, Timber Jack, Etc) 143 • Inspection of Log (Obstacles, Gravel / Dirt Contamination, Etc) 144 • Identify Tension & Compression Wood 145 • Top Bind 146 • Bottom Bind 147 • Identify Pivot Points 148 • Identify Skids 149 • Planning (Rolling, Skidding, Sweeps, Pivots, Binding, Problems, Etc) 150 • Escape Routes 151 • Bucking on Slopes 152 • Safe Starting Procedures 153 • Body Mechanics 154 • Small Logs (Sequence of Cuts) 155 • Big Logs (Sequence of Cuts & Boring Cuts) 156 • Windfall & Root Wads 157 • Bucking for Market & Grade 158

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Theory: 159

i) Given a multiple choice test of 30 recall/recognition type questions about falling and bucking consisting of: 160

• OSHA Regulations & OSHA Statistics (5 Questions) 161

• PPE & Chainsaw Safety (5 Questions) 162

• Falling & Bucking Hazards (10 Questions) 163

• Good Falling & Bucking Practice (10 Questions) 164

The learner will answer all questions within 45 minutes and score a minimum of 90% or 27 correct answers without reference materials. 165

Practical: 166

ii) Given the following: 167

• Appropriate Chainsaw 168

• PPE & Safety Equipment 169

Learners will perform a visual inspection of the chainsaw, and correctly determine if it is fit for use (safe, sharp, appropriate to task, etc). Working under the direction of an experienced faller, learners will safely and correctly fall a variety of sound trees of a diameter equal to or less than the length of the chainsaw bar that they are using. Learners will demonstrate the following throughout: 170

a) Good work planning (identify hazards, etc) 171

b) Correct body mechanics 172

c) Maintain the 2 tree-length rule (does not include instructor) 173

d) Brushing of effective escape routes (no exceptions) 174

e) Correct use of appropriate PPE (no exceptions) 175

f) Correct use of saw brake (no exceptions): 176

g) Setting of falling wedges at earliest opportunity (no exceptions) 177

h) Facing the tree at all times (no exceptions): 178

iii) Given the following: 179

• Appropriate Chainsaw 180

• PPE & Safety Equipment 181

• Logger’s Tape 182

Learners will perform a visual inspection of the chainsaw, and correctly determine if it is fit for use (safe, sharp, appropriate to task, etc). Working under the direction of an experienced bucker, learners will safely and correctly crosscut a variety of sound trees to predetermined lengths. Learners will demonstrate the following throughout: 183

a) Good work planning (identify hazards, etc) 184

b) Good body mechanics 185

c) Correct use of appropriate PPE (no exceptions) 186

d) Correct use of saw brake (no exceptions): 187

e) Bucking from uphill / up slope 188

iv) Learners will accompany an experienced logger / faller on a walk through woodlands in order to discuss and learn how to identify danger trees and falling hazards. Learners will correctly identify a variety of danger trees and falling hazards.

PART THIRTEEN – RELATED SKILLS

13D CARVING

DESCRIPTION 189

Identify and describe common hand tools used for relief carving and chip carving. 190

Demonstrate the correct layout and chip carving of letters and numerals. 191

LEARNING TASKS 192		CONTENT 193
1. Hand tool safety 194		• PPE 195 • Tool Guards & Sheaths 196 • Good Practice 197 • Hand Placement & Ergonomics 198
2. Carving tools 199		• Templates & Patterns 200 • Mallets 201 • Chisels & Knives 202 • Tools Rolls 203 • Drawknives, Scorps & Adzes 204 • Chisel Terminology (Gouge, Parting, Skew, Etc.) 205 • Benches, Clamps & Vices 206 • Dividers & Calipers 207 • Introduction to Power Carving Tools (Arbortechs, Chainsaws & Special Bars, Carving Burrs, Rotary Bits, Etc) 208 • Sharpening Carving Tools (Stones, Slips, Hones, Buffing Wheels, Etc) 209
3. Chip carving techniques 210		• Layout from Patterns (Scaling & Tracing) 211 • Sequence of Cuts 212 • Tool Selection 213 • Carving Techniques 214

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

215

Practical: 216

i) Learners will demonstrate one accurate method for scaling and laying out letters and numerals on timber beams. Learners will then demonstrate the safe and accurate chip-carving of 1” and 2” letters and numerals to within 1/16^”tolerance of finely scribed lines. 217

218

PART THIRTEEN – RELATED SKILLS

13E STAIRBUILDING & HANDRAILING

DESCRIPTION 219

Identify and define stair building and handrailing terms. 220

Identify and describe common stair building and handrailing details. 221

Calculate the angles and dimensions necessary to construct basic straight and winding stairs to satisfy building code requirements. 222

Make straight stairs and handrails for timber framed buildings. 223

LEARNING TASKS 224		CONTENT 225
1. Stair building and handrailing terms, tools and details. 226		• Types of Stairs (Straight, Winding, Curved, Spiral, Geometric, Solid-Tread, Etc) 227 • Types of Handrails (Neweled, Geometric, Interrupted, Continuous, Etc) 228 • Types of Balusters (Turned & Sawn Wood, Metalwork Options, Commercially Available Products) 229 • Types of Stringers (Open, Closed, Rough & Wreathed) 230 • Names of Stair Parts (Landing, Flight, Transition Treads, Balustrade, Turning, Etc) 231 • Names of Stair Components (Nosing, Newel, String, Winder, Volute, Bracket, Etc) 232 • Special Tools (Hand Router, Stair Gauges, Spiling Gauges, Etc) 233 • Templates & Jigs (Story Poles, Rods, Etc) 234 • Common Details 235 • Common Fasteners 236
2. Stair and handrail design. 237		• Identify Local Building Codes & Practices 238 • Interpreting Building Codes 239 • Public vs. Residential Requirements 240 • Access & Egress Requirements for Fire & Emergencies 241 • Stair Widths 242 • Determining Number of Risers & Treads (Desired Rise & Run vs. Actual Rise & Run) 243 • Rise, Run & Pitch 244 • Permissible Discrepancies in Rise 245 • Steep Stairs & Ladders 246 • Headroom & Locating Headroom on Stairs 247 • Lines of Flight 248 • Lengths of Flights & Landing Positions 249 • Determining Stair Loadings 250 • Material Sizing for Specific Loadings 251 • Selecting Appropriate Fasteners & Hangers 252 • Nosing (Profiles, Returns & Tread Trims) 253 • Balusters & Balustrades 254 • Newels & Turning Newels 255 • Handrail Profiles 256 • Dealing with Different Floor Finishes 257 • Wall & Ceiling Finishes & Mouldings 258 • Making Rods 259 • Introduction to Developing Wreath Geometry 260 • Introduction to Spiral Stair Geometry (Determining Location of Focus, Lines of Flight, Etc) 261 • Using Green or Rough Timbers 262 • Finishes 263 • Common Problems & Solutions 264
3. Stair and handrail construction. 265		• Layout & Cut Straight Stringers (Open & Closed) 266 • Layout & Cut Treads & Risers (Straight & Winding) 267 • Laying Out & Shaping Components 268 • Fitting Balusters 269 • Pre-assembly vs. Site Assembly 270 • Gluing, Laminating & Clamping Strategies 271 • Laminated Handrails (Straight & Curved) 272 • Handrail Forms 273 • Steam Bending Forms & Jigs (Basic Introduction Only) 274 • Carved Volutes & Starting Newels (Basic Introduction Only) 275 • Laying-up Goosenecks & Returns (Basic Introduction Only) 276 • Ordering Prefabricated Stairs (Survey Site Conditions & Dimensions) 277 • Fitting Prefabricated Stairs (Fitting at Site) 278 • Moving Big Components (Continuous Rails, Pre-assembled Carcasses, Etc) 279 • Tips & Tricks 280

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Theory: 281

i) Learners will identify and correctly match the names of 30 common stair parts and components to corresponding drawings/photographs, within 20 minutes and score a minimum of 70%, or 21 correct answers. 282

ii) Learners will solve 20 common geometry problems relating to the design of stairs within 90 minutes and score a minimum of 70%, or 14 correct answers. 283

iii) Given a copy of their local Building Code, learners will look up and correctly identify the requirements of 10 issues effecting the design of simple stairs. No errors. 284

Practical: 285

iv) Learners will demonstrate their understanding of basic wooden stair construction by laying-out and constructing a straight flight of safety-access stairs (minimum 6 risers) with open treads and risers. This will be completely in accordance with local building codes (copy of local building code to be provided), and constructed to predetermined overall dimensions of total rise and total run. Learners will make and fit a simple balustrade and safety handrail to the above. 286

287