PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES - QuickTopic Document Review

PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES

9A TIMBER SELECTION

DESCRIPTION 1

Make timber cutting lists and specifications. 2

Use timber cutting lists and specifications. 3

Prepare timber orders for sawmill. 4

Select timbers for framing. 5

LEARNING TASKS 6

CONTENT 7

1. Make timber cutting lists and specifications 8

• Drawing Take-Offs / Label Drawings 9

• Timber Codes / Component Identification 10

• Sawmill Requirements & Limitations 11

• Choosing a Sawmill 12

• Calculate Total Volume of Timber Package 13

• Calculate Total Weight of Timber Package 14

• Species Selection (Properties / Appearance / Availability) 15

• Special Requirements (Logs / Curved / Cambered / Tapered Timbers / Etc) 16

• Make Cutting Lists 17

• Prepare Specifications 18

• Determine Required Grades 19

• Prepare Timber Orders 20

• Ordering Specialty Timbers 21

2. Select timbers 22

• Designate Timbers for Frames 23

• Orient Timber for Warp, Crown & Bow 24

• Visual Appearance & Analysis of Defects 25

• Using Architectural Features to Hide Defects 26

• Reference Faces 27

• Marking-up Methods & Tools 28

• Rough-check Joinery Positions for Timber Defects 29

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Practical: 30

i) Given a complete set of working drawings for a small (3-4 Bent) timber-framed building and a timber specification, learners will demonstrate one method to ‘mark-up’ the drawings and prepare a detailed cutting list for a sawmill. The dimensions, lengths and grades of each timber will be clearly identified in the cutting list, and any special requirements for milling / handling the order will be noted. 31

ii) Using the information generated above, learners will correctly sum the total volume of the timber package and calculate the weight of the order for transportation. 32

iii) Learners will select timbers for framing and designate them (by marking-up) with respect to their 3D positions in a frame. Learners will determine reference faces, top/bottom, and rough-check all joinery positions re: timber defects. Timbers must be clearly identified and labelled for easy identification by another framer. 33

PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES

9B TIMBER HANDLING

DESCRIPTION 34

Describe how to safely and effectively store and protect timbers during all timber framing operations from initial delivery to site assembly. 35

Demonstrate safe timber handling. 36

LEARNING TASKS 37

CONTENT 38

1. Timber storage and protection 39

• Principals of Equilibrium Moisture Content 40

Comments for item 40

jwormington 11-19-2004 03:02 PM ET (US)

should be Principles

• Control Checking / End Sealing 41

• Weather Protection / Sun Shades / Snow & Rain Shelters 42

• Tarps & Wrappings 43

• Mould, Mildew & Discolouration 44

Comments for item 44

steve morrison 11-29-2004 07:53 PM ET (US)

is there a conscious decision to use the british mould and discolouration

• Sort Timbers for Effective Shop Use 45

• Safe Stacking 46

• Banding Equipment, Corner Protection & Timber Cauls 47

• Dunnage & Stickers 48

• Preparation for Transportation 49

• Sort Timbers for Effective Site Assembly 50

• Tricks for Identifying Timber Packs (Colour Coding / ID Tags / Etc) 51

• Site Storage 52

2. Timber handling 53

• OSHA Regulations 54

• OSHA Statistics 55

• Risk Assessment 56

• PPE 57

• Safe Body Mechanics for Lifting / Rolling / Carrying Timbers 58

• Lifting / Carrying Timbers with 2x People 59

• Group Lifting / Carrying of Timbers 60

• Good Practice / Safe Practice 61

• Peaveys, Cant Hooks, Slings, Timber Carriers & Lifting Bars 62

• Timber Dollies / Timber Carts 63

• Shop Cranes & Hoists / Gantry Cranes 64

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Theory: 65

i) Given a multiple choice test of 30 recall/recognition type questions about the safe handling of timbers, the learner will answer all questions within 30 minutes and score a minimum of 70%, or 21 correct answers. 66

Practical: 67

ii) Learners will demonstrate a safe and correct method for rolling, lifting and carrying heavy timbers by hand. 68

iii) Learners will demonstrate a safe and correct method for rolling, lifting and carrying heavy timbers with 2 people by hand. 69

iv) Learners will demonstrate a safe and correct method for rolling, lifting and carrying heavy timbers with 6-8 people by hand. 70

v) Learners will use dunnage, stickers and banding equipment to construct safe and efficient timber packs in preparation for transportation of timbers to site.
PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES 71

9C SHOP FLOW

DESCRIPTION 72

Describe common work sequences and processes for timber framing shops. 73

Describe efficient shop layout. 74

Describe the tools and equipment necessary to perform common work sequences for timber framing shops. 75

LEARNING TASKS 76

CONTENT 77

1. Common timber framing shop processes 78

• Square Rule Shops 79

• Scribe Rule Shops 80

• CNC Shops 81

• Timber Storage & Identification 82

• Carpentry Tasks 83

• Planing & Chamfering 84

• Finishing & Oiling 85

2. Identify shop space, tools and equipment necessary for different timber framing processes 86

• Square Rule Shops 87

• Scribe Rule Shops 88

• CNC Shops 89

• Hybrid & Mixed-Use Shops 90

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Practical: 91

i) Learners will visit 3 different timber-framing shops and identify and describe the shop flows of each. This should include at least one CNC-based shop. Learners will prepare a brief written summary for each shop that is visited and de-brief these with their instructor. 92

PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES

9D SQUARE RULE LAYOUT

DESCRIPTION 93

Describe the principals of Square Rule Layout and it’s uses for timber framing. 94

Comments for item 94

steve morrison 11-29-2004 07:28 PM ET (US)

should be - its

Demonstrate the use of Square Rule layout for joinery. 95

Comments for item 95

steve morrison 11-29-2004 07:34 PM ET (US)

should be - Joinery

steve morrison 11-29-2004 07:36 PM ET (US)

sorry I meant a capital L on layout as you have on the others above and below not Joinery

Demonstrate the use of Square Rule Layout for frame sections. 96

LEARNING TASKS 97

CONTENT 98

1. Describe Square Rule layout 99

Comments for item 99

steve morrison 11-29-2004 07:37 PM ET (US)

again capitalize Layout

• ‘The Perfect Timber’ 100

• History of Square Rule Layout 101

• Interchangeable Frame Components & Standardisation 102

Comments for item 102

steve morrison 11-29-2004 07:28 PM ET (US)

should be - standardization

• Square Rule, Timber Resources & Architectural Form 103

• Drawing Requirements 104

• Developing Reference Faces & Lines 105

• Accommodating Wind, Bow & Crook 106

• Back-measurements for Housings & Tables 107

• Organic Shapes & Curves 108

• Rough -Sawn Timber & Hewn Timber 109

• Pros & Cons of Layout Form 110

2. Square Rule for joinery 111

• Marking-up Layout Lines & References 112

• Tables & Housings 113

• Peg Layout & Offsets 114

• Braces & Struts 115

• Compensating for Angular Error 116

• Brace Charts & Rafter Tables 117

• Tips & Tricks 118

• Special Tools & Jigs 119

3. Square Rule for frame sections 120

• Bent Layout / Truss Layout 121

• Wall Layout 122

• Floor Layout 123

• Roof Layout 124

• Tips & Tricks 125

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Practical: 126

i) Given the following tools: 127

· Carpenter’s Pencil 128

· Tape Measure 129

· 2 Framing Squares 130

· Combination Square 131

· Chalk Line / Ink Line 132

Learners will demonstrate their understanding of Square Rule by laying out a variety of simple mortise and tenon type joinery on 8” timbers to within 1/16” tolerance over all. 133

ii) Using only the tools listed above, learners will use Square Rule to layout a simple bent section (including at least one pair of braces) for cutting. Layout will be accurate to 1/8” tolerance overall. 134

PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES

9E SCRIBE RULE LAYOUT

DESCRIPTION 135

Describe the principals of Scribe Rule Layout and it’s uses for timber framing. 136

Demonstrate the use of Scribe Rule layout for joinery. 137

Demonstrate the use of Scribe Rule Layout for frame sections. 138

LEARNING TASKS 139

CONTENT 140

1. Describe Scribe Rule layout 141

• Principals of Plumb & Level References 142

Comments for item 142

jwormington 11-19-2004 03:03 PM ET (US)

Principles

• History of Scribe Rule Layout 143

• Origins of Lofting / Masons’ Loft 144

• Scribe Rule, Timber Resources & Architectural Form 145

• Drawing Requirements 146

• Horizon Lines 147

• ‘Chalking Out’ on Floor 148

• Primary & Secondary Timbers 149

• Lining Timbers 150

• Positioning Timbers 151

• Accommodating Wind, Bow & Crook 152

• Levelling-up & Level Marks 153

• Double-Cutting (Origins of Square Rule?) 154

• Full-scribe / French Scribe / Lofting / Other Variations 155

• Pros & Cons of Layout Form 156

2. Scribe Rule for joinery 157

• Marking-up Layout Lines & References 158

• Transferring Information from Floor 159

• Setting Dividers 160

• Lines of Sight / Axis of Scribe 161

• Peg Layout & Offsets 162

• Stack-Scribing Techniques 163

• Tips & Tricks 164

• Tumbling 165

• Special Tools & Jigs 166

3. Scribe Rule for frame sections 167

• Bent Layout / Truss Layout 168

• Wall Layout 169

• Floor Layout 170

• Roof Layout 171

• Tips & Tricks 172

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Practical: 173

i) Given the following tools: 174

· Carpenter’s Pencil 175

· Tape Measure 176

· 2 ft Spirit Level 177

· Framing Square / Steel Rule 178

· Combination Square 179

· Chalk Line / Ink Line 180

· Dividers 181

· Plumb Bob (preferably French type) 182

Learners will demonstrate their understanding of Scribe Rule by laying out a simple mortise and tenon joint on two connecting timbers. Layout will be accurate to 1/16” tolerance over all. 183

ii) Using only the tools listed above, learners will demonstrate their understanding of Scribe Rule as follows: 184

a) Lay out a simple frame section or truss on workshop floor in full-scale. Identify Critical dimensions and Datums. 185

b) Line Timbers 186

c) Position Principal Timbers (level) over layout to within 1/16” tolerance using plumb bob and level. 187

d) Scribe all necessary joinery to within 1/16” tolerance. 188

PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES

9F MILL RULE LAYOUT

DESCRIPTION 189

Describe the principals of Mill Rule Layout and it’s uses for timber framing. 190

Demonstrate the use of Mill Rule layout for joinery. 191

LEARNING TASKS 192

CONTENT 193

1. Describe Mill Rule layout 194

• Timber / Milling Requirements 195

• History of Mill Rule Layout 196

• Mill Rule & Architectural Form 197

• Drawing Requirements 198

• Developing Reference Faces & Lines 199

• Accommodating Wind, Bow & Crook 200

• Pros & Cons of Layout Form 201

2. Mill Rule for joinery 202

• Marking-up Layout Lines & References 203

• Peg Layout & Offsets 204

• Angled Joinery 205

• Tips & Tricks 206

• Special Tools & Jigs 207

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Practical: 208

i) Given the following: 209

· Carpenter’s Pencil 210

· Tape Measure 211

· Framing Square 212

Learners will demonstrate their understanding of Mill Rule by laying out a variety of simple mortise and tenon type joinery on 8” timbers to within 1/16” tolerance over all. 213

ii) Using only the tools listed above, learners will use Mill Rule to layout a pair of centred braces in preparation for cutting. Layout will be accurate to 1/16” tolerance overall. 214

PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES

9G MAPPINGLAYOUT

DESCRIPTION 215

Describe the principals of Mapping Layout (‘Distance Scribing’) and it’s uses for timber framing. 216

Comments for item 216

jwormington 11-19-2004 03:04 PM ET (US)

should be its (no apostrophe)

Demonstrate the use of Mapping Layout for joinery. 217

LEARNING TASKS 218

CONTENT 219

1. Describe Mapping layout 220

• Remote Layout 221

• History of Mapping Layout 222

• Applications for Repairs 223

• Applications for Mistakes 224

• Developing Reference Faces & Lines 225

• Drawing Requirements 226

• Accommodating Wind, Bow & Crook 227

• Organic Shapes & Curves 228

• Rough Timber & Hewn Timber 229

• Pros & Cons of Layout Form 230

2. Mapping for joinery 231

• Recording the Information 232

• Marking-up Layout Lines & References 233

• Peg Layout & Offsets 234

• Angled Joinery 235

• Tips & Tricks 236

• Special Tools & Jigs 237

• Using Templates for Mapping 238

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Practical: 239

iii) Given the following tools: 240

· Carpenter’s Pencil 241

· Tape Measure 242

· 2 Framing Squares 243

· Combination Square 244

· Chalk Line / Ink Line 245

· 2 ft Spirit Level 246

· String Line 247

· Adjustable Bevel Gauge 248

Learners will demonstrate their understanding of Mapping by successfully recording joinery information from one previously cut timber and transferring this information onto another uncut timber (as for a simple repair or replacement) without placing the timbers side by side at any time. Joinery layout will be accurate to within 1/16” tolerance over all. 249

PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES

9H COMPOUND JOINERY LAYOUT

DESCRIPTION 250

Describe the principals of developed geometry. 251

Demonstrate the use of various tools for the development of compound roof layout. 252

Demonstrate the use of various tools for the development of compound joinery layout and member angles. 253

LEARNING TASKS 254		CONTENT 255
1. Principals of Developed Geometry 256		• Origins of Developed Geometry 257 • Developed Drawings / ‘Folding’ 258 • Double-Checks (Trigonometry / Pythagorean Theorem) 259 • Types of Lines & Symbols 260 • Control Points / Datums / Theoretical Lines 261 • Determining & Measuring Angles 262 • Using Compasses, Trammel Points & Daisy Wheels 263
2. Geometric applications for roof layout 264		• Roof Planes, Sections & Views 265 • Roof Kernels 266 • Common Roofs & Hips 267 • Intersecting Roofs & Valleys 268 • Variable-Pitched Roofs 269 • Hawkindale Angles 270 • Rafter Square 271 • Tables 272
3. Geometric applications for joinery 273		• Bird’s Mouth / Plumb & Level 274 • Backing Cuts 275 • Shoulders & Housings 276 • Mortises & Tenons 277 • Saw Angles 278

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Theory: 279

i) Given a complete set of frame drawings for a simple, hip and valley type, timber framed roof construction, learners will develop a clear set of line drawings to illustrate the following: 280

a) Common rafter lengths and angles 281

b) All common rafter joinery 282

c) Hip and valley lengths and angles 283

d) All hip and valley joinery 284

e) Jack rafter lengths and angles 285

f) All jack rafter joinery 286

g) Backing cuts for hips and valleys 287

h) Saw angles for jack rafters, hips and valleys 288

Practical: 289

ii) Using the information and drawings from above, learners will construct a scale roof model from softwood. This model will illustrate all plumb cuts to ridge, birds’ mouths to plate and backing cuts (hips and valleys) for the following elements: 290

a) Common rafter 291

b) Hip rafter 292

c) Valley rafter 293

d) Jack rafter 294

PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES

9I LAY OUT & CUT JOINERY

DESCRIPTION 295

Demonstrate the correct layout of common joinery. 296

Demonstrate the safe and accurate cutting of common joinery. 297

LEARNING TASKS 298

CONTENT 299

1. Joinery layout 300

• ID Joinery in Compression 301

• ID Joinery in Tension 302

• Choosing the Right Joint 303

• Using Templates 304

• Marking Waste Wood 305

• Marking End Cuts 306

• Shouldering-back for Shrinkage 307

• Layout for Pegging 308

• Layout for Nails, Bolts & Other Fasteners 309

2. Cut joinery 310

• Sequence of Cuts 311

• Saw Angles 312

• Checking Planes, Depths & Proportions 313

• Square & Angled Butt Joint 314

• Square & Angled Lap Joint 315

• Bridle Joint / Tongue & Fork / Open Mortise & Tenon 316

• Step-lapped Rafter Seat 317

• Square & Angled Mortise & Tenon 318

• Spline & Open Mortise 319

• Soffit Tenon / Bare-faced Tenon 320

• Shouldered-back Tenon 321

• Open & Closed, Square & Squinted Housings 322

• Scarf Joints 323

• Cogs 324

• Wedged Half Dovetail 325

• Dovetail Lap Joints 326

• Tusked Tenon 327

• Bird’s Mouth / Clasp 328

• Peg Holes 329

• Pre-drilling for Nails, Bolts & Other Fasteners 330

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Practical: 331

i) Learners will layout, cut and assemble a variety of common timber joints in timbers, to within 1/16 “ tolerance. To include the following: 332

a) Butt Joint 333

b) Lapped Joint 334

c) Bridle Joint 335

d) Square Mortise & Tenon 336

e) Angled Mortise & Tenon (as for a knee brace) 337

f) Square & Squinted Housings 338

g) Scarf Joint 339

h) Wedged half Dovetail 340

i) Dovetail Lap 341

j) Cog 342

PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES

9J JIGS & TEMPLATES

DESCRIPTION 343

Describe, construct and use jigs and templates for timber framing. 344

LEARNING TASKS 345

CONTENT 346

1. Special layout tools for timber framing 347

Comments for item 347

steve morrison 11-29-2004 08:09 PM ET (US)

this is a topic not a task

Tom Cundiff 02-22-2005 02:08 PM ET (US)

Are saw & drill guides layout tools?

• Stair Gauges / Stair Buttons 348

• Line Levels / Target Levels 349

• Alpha-Winkel (German Roofing Square) 350

• Zimmermanswinkel (German Framing Square) 351

• Off-set Prickers 352

• Commercial Saw Guides & Fences 353

Comments for item 353

Tom Cundiff 02-22-2005 01:33 PM ET (US)

I assume that this would include Chain Saw guides like EDM Tracers and Tennon cutters.

• Commercial Drill Guides 354

• Bubble Scribe 355

• Marking Gauges 356

1. Jigs and templates for Timber Framing 357

• Template Materials 358

• Templates for Transferring Joinery Data 359

• Rods & Story-Poles 360

• Joinery Layout Templates & Profiles 361

• Modified Framing Squares 362

• Mortise & Tenon Checkers 363

• Borneman Layout Template 364

• Templates for Repetitive Components (Braces, etc) 365

• ‘Schnarf-Schnarfs’ 366

Comments for item 366

Tom Cundiff 02-21-2005 04:30 PM ET (US)

I have heard this tirm used in relation to layout dimentions but I was not aware it was a tool

• Drill Guides 367

• Saw Guides & Fences 368

• Router Templates 369

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Practical: 370

i) Learners will gain experience of using a variety of commercially available tools and jigs for timber framing, and then design and make a selection of common templates from scratch. This will include the following: 371

Comments for item 371

Tom Cundiff 02-22-2005 01:15 PM ET (US)

Add tool for marking Draw-bore on tenon.I have seen several variations, some include slide hammer, like autobody dent puller.
Tom

a) Scarf Template 372

b) Mortise & Tenon Checkers 373

c) Borneman Layout Template 374

d) Circular Saw Guide 375

e) ‘Scnarf-Schnarf’ 376

f) Tenon Gauge 377

g) Drill Guide 378

h) Router Template 379

i) Modified Rafter Square 380

PART NINE – TIMBER FRAMING TECHNIQUES

9K ROUND LOG SCRIBING

DESCRIPTION 381

Describe the principals of round log layout. 382

Demonstrate the use of bubble scribes for the layout of joinery in round log work. 383

LEARNING TASKS 384

CONTENT 385

1. Describe round log layout 386

• Principals of Plumb & Level References 387

• History of Round Log Layout 388

• Drawing Requirements 389

• Lining Logs 390

• Positioning & Dogging Logs 391

• Accommodating Wind, Bow, Crook 392

• Accommodating Taper 393

• Levelling-up & Level Marks 394

• Layout of Flats & Reference Faces 395

• C-Jig 396

2. Scribing round logs 397

• Setting Bubble Scribers 398

• Marking-up Layout Lines & References 399

• Mitred Joinery 400

• Tips & Tricks 401

• Special Tools & Jigs 402

GOALS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION

Practical: 403

iii) Given the following tools: 404

· Carpenter’s Pencil 405

· Tape Measure 406

· 2 ft Spirit Level 407

· Framing Square / Steel Rule 408

· Combination Square 409

· Chalk Line / Ink Line 410

· Bubble Scribe 411

Learners will demonstrate their understanding of round log scribing by laying out a variety of simple notches on two connecting logs. Layout will be accurate to 1/16” tolerance over all. 412